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Arduino:

Arduino Boards are the conrollers.
Types Of Arduino Boards:
Arduino Uno (R3)
 

The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worring too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards
Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
LilyPad Arduino Board
 

Features:

5 Digital I/O pins
4 Analog pins
ATmega328
Built-in ON/OFF switch
Built-in power supply socket (JST connector) for a 3.7V LiPo battery and charging circuit (no additional battery charger needed)
Simplified layout with less pins, giving more space for sewing or less complex projects
The LilyPad Arduino Simple Board is one of our most popular for beginner Arduino projects because of its spacious layout. It is easier to identify pins and has more room for stitching without the risk of accidentally touching other pins on the board. The built-in battery port makes it easy to choose a LiPo battery that suits the run time requirements of your project and recharge the battery by simply plugging the board into a USB port on your computer or 5V wall charger.

The LilyPad Arduino Simple Board needs a LilyPad FTDI Basic Breakout and USB Mini-B Cable in order to connect to a computer and upload code.

RedBoard Arduino Board.
 
The SparkFun RedBoard is an Arduino-compatible development platform that enables quick-and-easy project prototyping. It can interact with real-world sensors, control motors, display information, and perform near-instantaneous calculations. It enables anyone to create unique, nifty projects like two-wheel buggys, custom music boxes, and dice gauntlets.

The RedBoard also serves as an excellent physical computing learning platform. We’ve designed the RedBoard to be as easy-to-use as possible. It can be used to help teach both programming and electronics concurrently – two skills that are becoming significantly important in today’s high-tech world.
 
 It is acceptable to connect both a barrel jack and a USB connector at the same time. The RedBoard has power-control circuitry to automatically select the best power source.
 





Arduino Mega (R3) Board.
 

Arduino Mega 2560 R3 Board
The Arduino Mega 2560 R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega 2560 R3 board is compatible with most shields designed for Arduino/Genuino Uno and the former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.

Features of Arduino Mega 2560 R3.
Microcontroller: ATmega2560
Operating Voltage: 5V
Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins: 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 16
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
Flash Memory: 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM: 8 KB
EEPROM: 4 KB
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
USB Host Chip: MAX3421E
Applications of Arduino Mega 2560 R3.
Multiple Projects requiring High speed Operations.
Multiple DIY projects having larger code size.
Atmega32 based Robot.

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Arduino Leonardo Board.
 
The Arduino Leonardo is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4 (datasheet). It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a comp
Microcontroller ATmega32u4
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (Recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 20
PWM Channels 7
Analog Input Channels 12
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega32u4) of which 4 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2.5 KB (ATmega32u4)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega32u4)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Lenght 68.6 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 20 g
ref:https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-leonardo-with-headers

Arduino Shields.
 Shields are boards that can be plugged on top of the Arduino PCB extending its capabilities.
 

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